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  #1  
Old 23-12-2005, 02:44 AM
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Cool Anything & Everything About Thailand

INTRODUCTION

I am starting a new thread dedicated to anything and everything about Thailand, with particular respect to the following topics :-

* History, Culture & Arts
* Geopraphy
* Language
* Music / Songs / Dances
* Travel Facts
* Dos & Don'ts
* Health Guide
* Tourist Attractions (including Temples, National Parks, Zoos, Safari Parks,
Aquariums, Diving & Snorkelling Activities, Islands & Beaches)
* Information about Hotels & Guest Houses
* Food & Restaurants
* Any news about Thailand

The following topics are covered in threads and will NOT be covered here :-
* Shopping Centres in Thailand
* Massage parlours in Bangkok
* Up-date on Thai songs
* Field Reports on Haadyai night-life

Fellow Samsters are encouraged to post their comments / observations / experiences / travelling reports, etc here for the benefit of everybody who has an interest in " All Things Thai "

Thank you.


To be continued ..............
  #2  
Old 23-12-2005, 02:53 AM
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Cool 150-year-old Wat Pathum

Report from The Nation dated 23 December 2005 :-

Wat next?

The 150-year-old Wat Pathum is trying to retain its serenity in the shadow of towering commercialism. On Bangkok’s largest shopping street, to the east of the city’s newest and biggest shopping mall, Siam Paragon, and to the west of Central World Plaza, facing the Skytrain track, a 150-year-old royal temple struggles to remain an island of peace amid its boisterous and worldly surroundings.

Wat Pathum Wanaram was once the city’s most peaceful temple, a popular place for meditation. Isolated on what was then the city’s outskirts, its atmosphere was one of calm. The temple’s approximately 17-rai grounds were surrounded by rice fields and swamps. The only way to get there was by boat.

“Would you believe, decades ago people rarely passed through the area at night because they were scared of ghosts,” said Phra Khru Srivisalakun, assistant to Wat Pathum’s abbot.

The temple was created in 1857 at the order of King Rama IV, who wanted a temple devoted to his royal consort situated near his new Sra Pathum Palace. At that time, the temple was popularly known as “Wat Sra Pathum”.

The temple features a semicircular pagoda, which enshrines the bones of His Majesty the King’s late father, HRH Prince Mahidol of Songkhla, along with a piece of the hipbone of the late HRH Princess Sri Nagarindra the Princess Mother, and a piece of King Rama VIII’s skull.

Nowadays, besides being sandwiched between the two giant malls, Wat Pathum is only 200 metres along Rama I Road from the Siam Square, Siam Discovery and Siam Centre shopping centres. The temple is situated near Sra Pathum Palace and opposite the Royal Police Bureau.

The bustling shopping district doesn’t sleep until midnight, when the malls and Skytrain close for the day.

The changed surroundings have unavoidably affected the temple and its monks.

“Change is dharma truth. We have to admit that it has brought us both disadvantages and benefits,” Phra Khru Srivisalakun said.

The disadvantages were never more obvious than during the construction of the then World Trade Centre (now Central World Plaza) many years ago, he recalled. The tremors from the laying of the mall’s foundation piles caused the plaster base of the temple’s main Buddha statue to crumble, and damaged the temple’s toilet building.

When construction work on Siam Paragon was sped up ahead of its opening early this month, builders worked 24 hours a day, and the temple felt many effects. The monks’ houses were hit by pieces of flying rock and engulfed in dust storms. Many monks fell ill from allergic reactions to the dust kicked up by the construction.

“However, the executives of both malls have always listened to our complaints – they’ve always rushed to solve any problem,” the monk said.

Although those annoyances have passed, some things have changed forever. The temple is now sandwiched between the towering mall buildings, which hide the sunrise and sunset from the monks. At night, music and other loud noises, including ear-splitting fireworks during the festive season, wake the monks and frighten the temple pets.

The temple is now modifying its environment to try and muffle the loud noises from outside.

“We have to put up with the changes and try to preserve the daily routine of the monks as it was in days gone by,” Phra Khru Srivisalakun said. He added that he has to remind the monks, novices and temple boys to compose themselves and not be led astray by the surrounding worldly charms.

“Only sensible monks can remain in the priesthood in the midst of these fleshly surroundings,” he said. However, Phra Khru Srivisalakun tries to tell himself that the changes have not all been for the worse.

“More people, including tourists, shoppers and mall workers, now know about and visit the temple when they come around here,” he said.

Despite the noise, the monk is happy that people still come to perform religious activities. The temple has had to build more toilets and other facilities to serve the growing number of visitors. An eight-rai park provided for the public to practise the dharma or just use for recreation is now open around the clock.

“However, I confess I’m concerned about the future – more changes are on the way,” he said.

Chatrarat Kaewmorakot
The Nation
  #3  
Old 23-12-2005, 03:04 AM
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Cool History of Thailand

Thailand means " land of the free ", and throughout the country's 800-year history, the Thai people can boast the distinction of being the only country in Southeast Asia never to have been colonised.

Formerly known as Siam to foreigners who first came to this region as early as the 12th century, the country's name was changed to Thailand with the advent of a democratic government in 1939.

Long before the emergence of what is conventionally called the Thai kingdom during the 12th Century, the area known as the chao Phraya valley was inhabited by ancient civilisations that can be traced back to prehistoric times.

The Prehistoric Era

By far the most important archaeological discoveries confirming these ancient people were made in the tiny village of Ban Chiang near Udon Thani in the northeast. Systematic excavation of Ban Chiang began only two decades ago, revealing painted pottery, jewelry, bronze and iron tools. Settlement began about 3600 B.C. and lasted until about 250 B.C. The Ban Chiang people farmed rice, domesticated their animals, and were skilled potters.

But even before human beings roamed the northeastern plateau, the region was once home to a more ancient species of animal - the dinosaur (see picture). In 1984, fossils from plant-eating dinosaurs were found in Phu Wiang province, and was named Phuwiangosaurus sirindhornae, while a more recent fossil discovery unearthed the Siamotyrannus isanensis, a fierce meat-eating ancestor of the infamous Tyrannosaurus rex.

Over the centuries, the area was influenced by various cultures, from the Indians in the 3rd Century, the Mons between the 6th to the 11th centuries, and the Khmers who built the wondrous Angkor Wat and who also left their legacy in the form of numerous stone sanctuaries scattered across the Thai kingdom. Thailand's dominant culture is believed to have arrived with tribes who moved down from southern China almost a thousand years ago. They settled in what is now northern Thailand before expanding south to the rich plains and valleys, gradually asserting their independence from existing Khmer and Mon kingdoms.

The Sukhothai Era

By the 13th century, the Thais had begun to emerge as a dominant force in the region, slowly absorbing the weakened empires of the Mons and Khmers. By 1238, the first Thai kingdom, Sukhothai - called by its ruler "the dawn of happiness" - has been established. It is often considered the golden era of Thai history, an ideal Thai state in a land of plenty governed by paternal and benevolent kings, the most famous of whom was King Ramkamhaeng the Great.

Ramkamhaeng was noted as an administrator, legislator and statesman. He is credited with the invention of the Thai script. The Sukhothai period saw the Thais, for the first time, developing a distinctive civilisation with their own administrative institutions, art and architecture. Sukhothai Buddha images, characterised by refined facial features, lineal fluidity, and harmony of form, are considered to be the most beautiful and the most original of Thai artistic expression.

In 1350, the mightier state of Ayutthaya exerted its influence over gentile Sukhothai, and from a former vassal state, it usurped all administrative power, leaving Sukhothai a deserted kingdom.

The Ayutthaya Era

The Ayutthaya kings adopted Khmer cultural influences from the very beginning. No longer the paternal and accessible rulers that the kings of Sukhothai had been, Ayutthaya's sovereigns were absolute monarchs whose position was enhanced by trappings of royalty reflective of a Khmer devaraja (god-king). Brahmins officiated side by side with Buddhist monks at state ceremonies - a legacy which remains in modern Bangkok.

The 16th century was marked by the first arrival of Europeans and by continual conflict with the Burmese.

In 1569, Ayutthaya fell to Burmese forces that thoroughly sacked and plundered the city, and forcibly removed much of Ayutthaya's population to Burma. The Siamese kingdom, however, was reconsolidated by King Naresuan the Great. Under this great king, Ayutthaya prospered and became the thriving metropolis as described by 17th Century European visitors.

Europeans were primarily attracted to Siam as a door to the China trade. Ayutthaya and her ports became entrepots for goods travelling between Europe, India and the East Indies, and China and Japan. The height of European presence in Ayutthaya, especially the French, was undoubtedly during the reign of King Narai, who ruled 1656 to 1688. It was through the presence of these Europeans during King Narai's reign that gave the West most of its early knowledge of Siam. Some Western visitors compared Ayutthaya to Venice and called it "the most beautiful city in the East."

In 1767, a Burmese invasion succeeded in capturing Ayutthaya. In their hurry to withdraw from the conquered capital, the Burmese killed, looted and set fire to the whole city, thereby expunging four centuries of Thai civilisation. But despite their overwhelming victory, the Burmese didn't retain control of Siam for long. A young general named Phya Taksin gathered a small band of followers, broke through the Burmese encirclement and escaped to Chantaburi. Seven months after the fall of Ayutthaya, he and his forces sailed back to the capital and expelled the Burmese occupation garrison.

The Thonburi Era

General Taksin, as he is popularly known, decided to transfer the capital from Ayutthaya to a site nearer to the sea which would facilitate foreign trade, ensure the procurement of arms, and make defence and withdrawal easier in case of renewed Burmese attack. He established his new capital at Thonburi.

The rule of Taksin was not an easy one. The lack of central authority since the fall of Ayutthaya had led to the rapid disintegration of the kingdom, and Taksin's reign was spent reuniting the provinces.

The Rattanakosin Era

After Taksin's death, General Chakri became the first king of the Chakri dynasty, ruling from 1782-1809. His first action as king was to transfer his administrative headquarters across the river from Thonburi to Bangkok. There he set about to build his new palace according to the pattern of Ayutthaya. He assembled all surviving master craftsmen from the old city. The Grand Palace they built contained not only the residences of the king and the royal family, but also incorporated the government and judicial offices and, most importantly, the Royal Chapel where the revered Emerald Buddha was installed.

Rama I's successors, Rama II and Rama III, completed the consolidation of the Siamese kingdom and the revival of the arts and culture of Ayutthaya.

Rama II re-established relations with the West, suspended since the time of Narai, allowing the Portuguese to construct the first Western embassy in Bangkok. Rama III, ruled 1824-1851, continued to reopen Siam's doors to foreigners, successfully promoting trade with China. The ready availability of Chinese porcelain led him to decorate many of his temples, including Wat Arun, with porcelain fragments.

King Mongkut, Rama IV, who ruled 1851-1868, was the first Thai king to understand Western culture and technology, and his reign has been described as the "bridge spanning the new and the old."

Mongkut realised that traditional Thai values would not save his country from Western encroachment, and thus initiated the policy of modernisation that he believed would bring Siam in line with the West and reduce hostilities with foreigners.

Mongkut's son, Chulalongkorn, was only 15 when he ascended the throne. But he reigned over Siam as Rama V for 42 years - and transformed his country from a backward Asian land into a modern 20th century kingdom.

King Chulalongkorn's successor, Vajiravudh (1910-1925), was Oxford-educated and thoroughly Anglicised. His western-inspired reforms to modernise Siam considerably affected the structure of modern Thai society.

Prajadhipok (Rama VII) was personally concerned with improving the welfare of his subjects. He was aware of the rising demand for greater participation in government by a small foreign-educated faction, but felt that the Siamese were, on the whole not ready for democracy. In 1927, he publicly commented that the people must be first taught political consciousness before democracy could be effectively be introduced. However, a coup d'etat in 1932 ended the paternal but absolute rule of the king. the coup was staged by the People's Party, a military and civilian group masterminded by foreign-educated Thai, whose chief ideologist was Pridi Panomyong, a young lawyer trained in France.

The king accepted the provisional constitution by which he "ceased to rule but continued to reign." In December 1932, the king signed the Parliament Constitution which promised universal suffrage and general elections every four years. Upon the abdication of King Prajadhipok, Ananda Mahidol returned home to a tumultuous welcome in 1945. With his death just one year later, he was succeeded by his younger brother King Bhumibol Adulyadej, the present monarch.

"We will reign with dharma (righteousness), for the benefit and happiness of the Siamese people," was the coronation pledge of King Bhumibol Adulyadej. True enough, the king provides the stability and continuity lacking in the turbulent cycle of Thai politics and a young democracy. Tirelessly touring the land with Queen Sirikit to inspect and improve the welfare of the people, the King inspires universal reverence. As a constitutional monarch, he maintains neutrality at times of crisis.

- Information from Tourist Authority of Thailand Travel Manual
  #4  
Old 23-12-2005, 03:10 AM
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Cool History and Culture in Thailand

History and Culture in Thailand
Thailand is steeped in history and unique culture... historical sites, temples, palaces, museums, theatre and dance… if these are your areas of interest you are going to love Thailand!

It is believed Thailand’s history stems from the Bronze Age some 5,000 years ago.

Recorded history indicates a number of periods that mark important stages in Thailand’s history – the Sukothai Period from 1238 to 1438, the Ayutthaya Period from 1351 to 1767, the Thonburi Period from 1767 to 1782, and the Rattanakosin Period from 1782 until the present.

The legacy of each of these periods is a series of temples, shrines, palaces and ancient sites, all depicting unique Thai architectural styles and lavish design. Although some of the historical significance of these attractions may at times be lost on you, the visual feast you experience more than compensates for your lack of insight. These are some of the most beautiful places you will ever experience. Simply relax and soak in the sights and sounds and build unforgettable memories.

Never colonised, Thailand has never been detached from its culture. Thai dance, theatre, music and art, have all developed in entirely unique ways across the ages and play as important a role today as they did in years gone by. The numerous galleries and museums housing the treasures of bygone ages offer visitors a genuine visual delight
  #5  
Old 23-12-2005, 10:35 AM
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Cool Thai-Chinese car venture to challenge Japanese firms

Report from Bangkok Post dated Friday 23 December 2005 :-

Thai-Chinese car venture to challenge Japanese firms


By Phusadee Arunmas

Passenger cars manufactured under a new Thai-Chinese joint venture will debut in the local market in 2007 with the aim of challenging the hold by Japanese firms in the mid-sized sedan segment. The venture was formed in September between the Shanghai Automotive Industry Corp and Thai partners Yontrakit Group and E.C.I. Group, a subsidiary of the CP Group, one of Thailand's largest agro-industrial conglomerates.

Thanakorn Seriburi, chairman of the Thailand-China Business Council, said the venture had support from the Chinese government, which wants to develop a Chinese-branded vehicle for sale in the Asean market.

``CP will take responsibility for marketing the car in the Thai market. We're quite sure that the quality of the car, which will be manufactured here, could compete with Japanese cars,'' said Mr Thanakorn, who also is a vice-chairman of the CP Group.

Details on the new venture, including vehicle specifications, pricing and market brand, have yet to be announced.

Mr Thanakorn said SAIC had teamed up with General Motors and Volkswagen to become the largest car producer in China.

In the first stage, the Sino-Thai car venture would assemble minivans at the Thai plant and gradually assemble medium-sized cars to fit the tastes of Thai motorists, Mr Thanakorn said, during celebration of the 30th anniversary of Thailand-China diplomatic relations held yesterday.

Wang Ji, SAIC's director of business operations, said details of the investment and production line of the Thai plant were being discussed as cars produced in China had their steering wheels on the left.

He said SAIC had tested the Thai automobile market by exporting parts for assembling Wuling minivans a few years ago and it was now ready to make more advanced cars to compete with Japanese vehicles in the Thai market.

The car venture was among several deals signed in September in Chiang Mai during the second meeting of the Thailand-China Joint Committee on Trade, Investment and Economic Co-operation.

Executives from the two countries estimated at the forum yesterday that investments from China would start to pour into Thailand next year as its international reserves are now increasing.

According to Vikrom Kromadit, vice-chairman of the Thai-Chinese Business Council, China's international reserves would rise to one trillion US dollars within two years. Reserves stand at $800 billion at present.

``Such enormous reserves are forcing China to make investment abroad and Thailand has advantages due to no resistance from locals,'' he said.

According to Lu Fang, secretary-general of the China Council for Promotion of International Trade, Thailand could soon become the fifth largest destination for China offshore investment.

Spurred by a free trade agreement, bilateral trade between the two countries rose substantially to $12 billion last year and $17.6 billion in the first 10 months of this year.

Deputy Prime Minister Somkid Jatusripitak said he was confident that bilateral trade volume would meet the projection of $50 billion in 2010, set at the meeting in September.

As well, he said, he would like China to eventually make Thailand its third largest investment destination.
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Old 23-12-2005, 11:10 AM
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Bangkok Bank predicts Thailand's economic slow-down next year

Bangkok Bank has assessed that Thailand's economic growth will increase to only 4-4.5 percent next year due to the slow-down of the US and Chinese economies. The financial institution has also issued a warning that the economy of Thailand next year may be affected by the real estate's bubble economy in the US.

The analysts of Bangkok Bank have forecasted that the national economic growth will slow-down next year due to several factors. The main factors -include the economic directions of China and the United States of America. The current account of the US is facing a deficit, and it is expected that this issue will be worsened. At the same time, Bangkok Bank has also predicted that the Chinese economy will grow at a slower rate next year.

Nevertheless, the bank said the foundation of Thailand's economy should be strong enough despite the possible economic slow-down in the future, and any economic crisis should not take place. The financial institution has also anticipated that the investment from the private sector will increase up to 8-9 percent next year. The considerable increase is mainly due to the government's mega-projects.
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Old 23-12-2005, 11:12 AM
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Thailand: 200 monks walk barefoot from Phuket to Kanorn Prathom to make merits to tsu

About 200 monks and novices planning to travel on foot from Phuket to Wat Prapathomchedi in Nakorn Prathom, to dedicate their merits to dead victims of the tsunami is now in Chumporn.

Abbot of Thammarongyang Buddhist sanctuary in Sri Saket Pra Jaran Anangkano said that 191 monks and 9 novices are traveling pass Chumporn province. He said that they are from 30 temples from all regions of Thailand. He said that the monks have traveled from Phuket since November 29 and will continue their journey to Nakorn Prathom to hold a joint religious ceremony there.

Pra Jaran Anangkano said that the purpose of this trip is to dedicate merits to His Majesty the King on the occasion of His 78th birthday as well as dead victims of the tsunami disaster. He added that due to a long journey, some monks have sustained injuries at their legs but they will not give up and will continue their journey until they reach their destination.
  #8  
Old 23-12-2005, 12:29 PM
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Re: Anything & Everything About Thailand

knn TeeVee got CIA files!!! just as I suspected all along......TeeVee is covert agent.....for which agency I still not sure though.....fyi yours truly have been inside U-Tapao hehe
  #9  
Old 23-12-2005, 02:40 PM
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Cool Uncle TV

Quote:
Originally Posted by Malaysian Datuk
knn TeeVee got CIA files!!! just as I suspected all along......TeeVee is covert agent.....for which agency I still not sure though.....fyi yours truly have been inside U-Tapao hehe
Malaysian Datuk,

KNN............ Now only you know !

Uncle TV has CIA, FBI, KGV, M5 and Mossad connections.........

That's why he seems to knows EVERYTHING about ANYBODY !!!!
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Old 23-12-2005, 02:55 PM
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Talking Re: Anything & Everything About Thailand

Hello,
I'm very honored to call you from now on, Professor Katoey Lover 69! You are one smart Ladyboy lover, I'm grateful of all your insightful information regarding Thailand. Keep up the good work and keep on going and don't stop.

Will be in Thailand, shortly and will be partying at Rachada!
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Old 23-12-2005, 03:12 PM
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Cool History of Thailand

History of Thailand : From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

The history of Thailand begins with the migration of the Thais into what is now Thailand during the first millennium. Prior to this, bronze and iron age civilisations had existed for several thousand years, plus later Mon, Malay and Khmer kingdoms. The Thais established their own kingdoms, most prominently a brief flowering at Sukhothai and more lastingly the Ayutthaya kingdom. These kingdoms were under constant threat from Burma and Vietnam, as well as from Thai and Lao rivals. The European colonial powers threatened in the 19th and early 20th centuries, but Thailand survived as the only south-east Asian state to avoid colonial rule. After the end of the absolute Thai monarchy in 1932, Thailand endured sixty years of almost permanent military rule before the establishment of a democratic system.

Early history

The earliest major archaeological site in Thailand is Ban Chiang; dating of artefacts from this site is controversial, but there is a consensus that at least by 3600 BC, the inhabitants had developed bronze tools and had begun to cultivate wet rice, providing the impetus for social and political organization.

Later, Malay, Mon, and Khmer civilizations flourished in the region prior to the domination of the Thais, most notably the kingdom of Srivijaya in the south, the Dvaravati kingdom in central Thailand and the Khmer empire based at Angkor. The Thais are related linguistically to groups originating in southern China. Migrations from southern China to Southeast Asia took place primarily during the first millennium AD, most likely via northern Laos.

Sukhothai and Lannathai

Thais date the founding of their nation to the 13th century. According to tradition, Thai chieftains overthrew their Khmer overlords at Sukhothai in 1238 and established a Thai kingdom. The city briefly dominated the area of modern Thailand under King Ramkhamhaeng, but after his death it fell into decline and became subject to the Ayutthaya kingdom in 1365, which dominated southern and central Thailand until the 1700s.

Many other Thai statelets coexisted with Sukhothai, most notably the northern kingdom of Lannathai or Lanna. This state emerged in the same period as Sukhothai, but survived longer. Its independent history ended in 1558, when it fell to the Burmese; thereafter it was dominated by Burma and Ayutthaya in turn before falling to the army of the Siamese King Taksin in 1775.


Ayutthaya

The first ruler of the Kingdom of Ayutthaya, King Ramathibodi I, made two important contributions to Thai history: the establishment and promotion of Theravada Buddhism as the official religion - to differentiate his kingdom from the neighboring Hindu kingdom of Angkor - and the compilation of the Dharmashastra, a legal code based on Hindu sources and traditional Thai custom. The Dharmashastra remained a tool of Thai law until late in the 19th century. Beginning with the Portuguese in the 16th century, Ayutthaya had some contact with the West, but until the 1800s, its relations with neighboring nations, as well as with India and China, were of primary importance. Ayyutthaya dominated a considerable area, ranging from the Islamic states on the Malay Peninsula to states in northern Thailand. Nonetheless, the Burmese, who had control of Lanna and had also unified their kingdom under a powerful dynasty, launched several invasion attempts in the 1750s and 1760s. Finally, in 1767, the Burmese attacked the city and conquered it. The royal family fled the city where the king died of starvation ten days later. The Ayutthaya royal line had been extinguished.


Bangkok period : (1768-1932)

After more than 400 years of power, in 1767, the Kingdom of Ayutthaya was brought down by invading Burmese armies, its capital burned, and the territory split. General Taksin managed to reunite the Thai kingdom from his new capital of Thonburi and declared himself king in 1769. However, Taksin allegedly became mad, and he was deposed, taken prisoner, and executed in 1782.General Chakri succeeded him in 1782 as Rama I, the first king of the Chakri dynasty. In the same year he founded the new capital city at Bangkok, across the Chao Phraya river from Thonburi, Taksin's capital. In the 1790s Burma was defeated and driven out of Siam, as it was now called. Lanna also became free of Burmese occupation, but the king of a new dynasty was installed in the 1790s was effectively a puppet ruler of the Chakri monarch.

The heirs of Rama I became increasingly concerned with the threat of European colonialism after British victories in neighboring Burma in 1826. The first Thai recognition of Western power in the region was the Treaty of Amity and Commerce with the United Kingdom in 1826. In 1833, the United States began diplomatic exchanges with Siam, as Thailand was called until 1939 (and again between 1945 and 1949). However, it was during the later reigns of King Chulalongkorn (Rama V, 1868-1910), and his father King Mongkut (Rama IV, 1851-1868), that Thailand established firm rapprochement with Western powers. The Thais believe that the diplomatic skills of these monarchs, combined with the modernizing reforms of the Thai Government, made Siam the only country in South and Southeast Asia to avoid European colonization. This is reflected in the country's modern name, Prathet Thai (Thailand), used unofficially between 1939 and 1945 and officially declared on May 11, 1949, in which prathet means "nation" and thai means "free".

The Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 made the modern border between Siam and British Malaya by securing the Thai authority on the provinces of Pattani, Yala, Narathiwat and Satun, which were previously part of the semi-independent Malay sultanates of Pattani and Kedah. A series of treaties with France fixed the country's current eastern border with Laos and Cambodia. Siam had earlier made claim and to some extent controlled to the two territories.

to be continued ............
  #12  
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Cool History of Thailand

...... continued ...........

History of Thailand : From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.


Military rule : (1932-1973)

The Siamese coup d'état of 1932 transformed the Government of Thailand from an absolute to a constitutional monarchy. King Prajadhipok (Rama VII) initially accepted this change but later surrendered the throne to his ten-year old nephew, Ananda Mahidol. Upon his abdication, King Prajadhipok said that the duty of a ruler was to reign for the good of the whole people, not for a select few. King Ananda Mahidol (Rama VIII) died in 1946 under somewhat mysterious circumstances, the official explanation being that he shot himself by accident while cleaning his gun. He was succeeded by Bhumibol Adulyadej, the longest reigning king of Thailand, and very popular with the Thais. Although nominally a constitutional monarchy, Thailand was ruled by a series of military governments (most prominently led by Luang Phibunsongkhram and Sarit Dhanarajata) interspersed with brief periods of democracy. In 1992 the last military ruler, Suchinda Kraprayoon, gave up power in the face of massive popular protests, supported by the king. Since then, Thailand has been a functioning democracy with constitutional changes of government.

On December 8, 1941, a few hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Japan demanded the right to move troops across Thailand to the Malayan frontier. The Japanese landed at Bangkok and at several locations along the east coast of southern Thailand where they engaged the Thai army for six to eight hours before the Thai army determined it would be impossible to defend the kingdom. Shortly thereafter Japan was granted free passage, and on December 21, 1941, Thailand and Japan signed an alliance with a secret protocol wherein +++yo agreed to help Thailand get back territories lost to the British and French colonial powers and Thailand undertook to assist Japan in her war against the Allies.

After Japan's defeat in 1945, with the help of a group of Thais known as Seri Thai who were supported by the United States, Thailand was treated as a defeated country by the British and French, although American support mitigated the Allied terms. Thailand was not occupied by the Allies, but it was forced to return the territory it had gained to the British and the French. In the post-war period Thailand enjoyed close relations with the United States, which it saw as a protector from the communist revolutions in neighboring countries.

Recently, Thailand also has been an active member in the regional Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), especially after democratic rule was restored in 1992

The history of Thailand since 1973 has seen a difficult and sometimes bloody transition from military to civilian rule, with several reversals along the way. The revolution of 1973 inaugurated a brief, unstable period of democracy, with military rule being reimposed after a coup in 1976. The military rule was unstable, with several coups and attempted coups. For most of the 1980s, Thailand was ruled by Prem Tinsulanonda, a general who took charge as head of the military government but who received a democratic mandate in 1983. Thereafter the country remained a democracy apart from a brief period of military rule from 1991 to 1992. The populist Thai Rak Thai party, led by prime minister Thaksin Shinawatra, has governed since 2001.

Revolution

The Democracy Monument in Bangkok, built in 1940 to commemorate the fall of the absolute monarchy in 1932, was the scene of massive demonstrations in 1973, 1976 and 1992.In October 1973 enormous demonstrations were held in Bangkok, demanding the end of military rule. General Thanom Kittikachorn responded with force, and up to 70 demonstrators were killed in the streets — something not seen in Thailand for many years. This prompted Rama IX to make his first intervention into politics by withdrawing his support for the military regime, and on October 14, 1973 Thanom resigned and left the country.

The events of October 1973 amounted to a revolution in Thai politics. For the first time the urban middle class, led by the students, had defeated the combined forces of the old ruling class and the army, and had gained the apparent blessing of the king for a transition to full democracy, symbolised by a new constitution which provided for a fully elected unicameral legislature.

Unfortunately Thailand had not yet produced a political class able to make this bold new democracy function smoothly. The January 1975 elections failed to produce a stable party majority, and fresh elections in April 1976 produced the same result. The veteran politician Seni Pramoj and his brother Kukrit Pramoj alternated in power, but were unable to carry out a coherent reform program. The sharp increase in oil prices in 1974 led to recession and inflation, weakening the government's position. The democratic government's most popular move was to secure the withdrawal of American forces from Thailand.

The wisdom of this move was soon questioned, however, when the victorious communists took power in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia in May 1975. The arrival of communist regimes on Thailand’s borders, the abolition of the 600-year-old Lao monarchy, and the arrival of a flood of refugees from Laos and Cambodia, turned public opinion in Thailand back to the right, and conservatives did much better in the 1976 elections than they had done in 1975. The left wing of the student movement did not accept this and continued to agitate for radical change.

Military rule

By late 1976 moderate middle class opinion had turned away from radicalism as the students, with their base at Thammasat University, grew more militant. The army and the right-wing parties fought back against the radicals though paramilitary groups such as the Village Scouts and the notorious Red Gaurs. Matters came to a head in October when Thanom returned to Thailand to enter a monastery. Violent student protests were met by equally violent counter-protests. On 6 October 1976 the army unleashed the paramilitaries, and used the resultant orgy of violence, in which hundreds of students were tortured and killed, to suspend the constitution and resume power.

The army installed a fanatically ultra-conservative former judge, Thanin Kraivixien, as prime minister, and carried out a sweeping purge of the universities, the media and the civil service. Thousands of students, intellectuals and other leftists fled Bangkok and joined the Communist Party’s insurgent forces in the north and north-east, operating from safe bases in Laos. Others left for exile, including Dr. Puey Ungphakorn, the respected economist and Rector of Thammasat University.

The economy was also in serious difficulties, in no part due to Thanin's policies, which frightened foreign investors. The new regime proved as unstable as the democratic experiment had been. In October 1977 the army staged another "coup" and replaced Thanin with General Kriangsak Chomanand.

The Kriangsak regime pursued a foreign policy based almost entirely on the principles of realpolitik. By this time, Thai forces had to deal with the situation resulting from the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia. There was another flood of refugees, and both Vietnamese and Khmer Rouge forces periodically crossed into Thai territory, sparking clashes along the borders. A 1979 visit to Beijing earned Deng Xiaoping's agreement to end support for Thailand's communist movement; in return, the Thai authorities agreed to give safe haven to the Khmer Rouge forces fleeing west following the invasion of Cambodia. Revelations of the crimes of the defeated Khmer Rouge also sharply reduced the appeal of communism to the Thai public.

Kriangsak's position as prime minister soon became untenable and was forced to voluntarily stepped down from power in February 1980 at a time of economic troubles. Kriangsak was succeeded by General Prem Tinsulanonda, the army commander-in-chief at the time.

to be continued .........
  #13  
Old 23-12-2005, 03:31 PM
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History of Thailand

......... continued ...........

History of Thailand : From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Premocracy

Much of the 1980s saw a process of democratisation overseen by the King and military strongman General Prem Tinsulanond.

In April 1981 a clique of army officers popularly known as the "Young Turks" staged a putsch, taking complete control of Bangkok. They dissolved the National Assembly and promised sweeping social changes. But their position would quickly crumble as Prem accompanied the royal family to Khorat. With the King's support for Prem made clear to all, loyalists units under the palace favourite General Arthit Kamlangek managed to recapture the capital in a bloodless counterattack.

This episode raised the prestige of the monarchy still further, and also enhanced Prem’s status as a relative moderate. A kind of compromise was therefore reached. The insurgency ended and most of the ex-student guerillas returned to Bangkok under an amnesty. The army returned to its barracks, and yet another constitution was promulgated, creating an appointed Senate to balance the popularly elected National Assembly. Elections were held in April 1983, giving Prem, now in the guise of a civilian politician, a large majority in the legislature (an arrangement which came to be known as "Premocracy").

Prem was also the beneficiary of the accelerating economic revolution which was sweeping south-east Asia. After the recession of the mid 1970s, economic growth took off. For the first time Thailand became a significant industrial power, and manufactured goods such as computer parts, textiles and footwear overtook rice, rubber and tin as Thailand’s leading exports. With the end of the Indochina wars and the insurgency, tourism developed rapidly and became a major earner. The urban population continued to grow rapidly, but overall population growth began to decline, leading to a rise in living standards even in rural areas, although the Isaan continued to lag behind. While Thailand did not grow as fast as the "Asian tigers" like Taiwan and South Korea, it achieved sustained growth.

Prem held office for eight years, surviving two more general elections in 1983 and 1986, and remained personally popular, but the revival of democratic politics led to a demand for a more adventurous leader. In 1988 fresh elections brought former General Chatichai Choonhavan to power. But Chatichai proved both incompetent and corrupt. By allowing one faction of the military to get rich on government contracts, he provoked a rival faction, led by Generals Sunthorn Kongsompong and Suchinda Kraprayoon, to stage a coup in February 1991. The military brought in a civilian prime minister, Anand Panyarachun, who was still responsible to the military in the form of the National Peacekeeping Council with General Sunthorn as chairman. Anand's anti-corruption measures proved popular. Another general election was held in 1992, as is customary after a coup in Thailand.

In March 1992, the military strongman General Suchinda accepted the invitation from a coalition of parties to become Prime Minister, in effect breaking a promise he had made earlier to the King and confirming the widespread suspicion that the new government was going to be a military regime in disguise. However, the Thailand of 1992 was not the Siam of 1932. Suchinda’s action brought hundreds of thousands of people out in the largest demonstrations ever seen in Bangkok, led by the former governor of Bangkok, Major-General Chamlong Srimuang. Suchinda brought military units personally loyal to him into the city and tried to suppress the demonstrations by force, leading to a massacre in the heart of the city in which hundreds died. The Navy mutinued in protest, and the country seemed on the verge of civil war. In May the King intervened: he summoned Suchinda and Chamlong to a televised audience. The result of this was the resignation of Suchinda.


Chuan LeekpaiThe King re-appointed Anand Panyarachun as prime minister until elections could be held in September, which brought the Democrat Party under Chuan Leekpai to power, mainly representing the liberal voters of Bangkok and the south. Chuan was a competent administrator who held power until 1995, when he was defeated at elections by a coalition of conservative and provincial parties led by Banharn Silpa-acha. Tainted by corruption charges from the very beginning, Banharn’s government was forced to call early elections in 1996, in which General Chavalit Yongchaiyudh's New Aspiration Party managed to gain a narrow victory.

Soon after coming into office, Prime Minister Chavalit was confronted by the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997. After coming under strong criticsm for his handling of the crisis, Chavilit resigned in November 1997 and Chuan returned to power. Chuan came to an agreement with the International Monetary Fund which stabilised the currency and allowed the economy to begin to recover. In contrast to the country's previous history, the crisis was resolved by civilian rulers under democratic procedures.

In the early part of the 21st century, Thai politics has been dominated by the populist Thai Rak Thai ("Thais Love Thais") party of telecommunications millionaire Thaksin Shinawatra. Chuan’s second government was as competent as his first, but he was no match for Thaksin’s demagogic appeal to the mass electorate. Thaksin campaigned effectively against the old politics and against corruption (despite being himself far from above suspicion in this respect), and in January 2001 he had a sweeping victory at the polls, winning a larger popular mandate than any Thai prime minister has ever had in a freely elected National Assembly.

In power, Thaksin has presided over the rapid recovery of the Thai economy. By 2002 Thailand, and Bangkok in particular, was once again booming. As low-end manufacturing moved to China and other low-wage economies, Thailand moved upscale into more sophisticated manufacturing, both for a rapidly expanding domestic middle class market and for export. Tourism, and particularly sex tourism, also remained a huge revenue earner despite intermittent "social order" campaigns by the government to control the country's nightlife.

Thus by 2004 Thai democracy and prosperity seemed firmly established, but the dominance of Thaksin, whose rule was highly personalised and in somewhat authoritarian, was seen by many commentators as an unhealthy development. Thaksin won an even bigger majority at elections in February 2005.
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Cool Early History of Thailand

The known early history of Thailand begins with the earliest major archaeological site at Ban Chiang; dating of artifacts from this site is controversial, but there is a consensus that at least by 3600 BC, the inhabitants had developed bronze tools and had begun to cultivate wet rice, providing the impetus for social and political organization.

Later, Malay, Mon, and Khmer civilizations flourished in the region prior to the domination of the Thais, most notably the kingdom of Srivijaya in the south, the Dvaravati kingdom in central Thailand and the Khmer empire based at Angkor.

The Thai are part of a larger ethno-linguistic group known as the Tai, a group which includes the Lao, the people of the Shan region of north-eastern Burma, the Zhuang people of Guangxi Province in China and the Tho and Nung people of northern Vietnam. Migrations from southern China to Southeast Asia took place primarily during the first millennium AD, most likely via northern Laos.

During the first millennium AD the Tai peoples were loosely organised in small entities known as muang. They were heavily influenced by the more advanced cultures around them: the Khmer to the east, and the Hindu cultures of India to the west. Most of the Tai were converted to a form of Hinduism, traces of which can still be seen in Thai religious practice today. Between the 6th and 9th centuries AD Buddhism was introduced into the Tai-speaking lands, probably via Burma, and became the dominant religion. The Theravada Buddhism now practised in Thailand was introduced by missionaries from Sri Lanka in the 13th century.
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Cool Sukhothai kingdom ( 1238 to 1438 )

The Sukhothai kingdom was an early kingdom in the area around the city Sukhothai, in north central Thailand. It existed from 1238 till 1438. The old capital, now 12 km outside of New Sukhothai in Tambon Muang Kao, is in ruins and is an Historical Park.


History

The city of Sukhothai was part of the great Khmer empire until 1238, when two Thai chieftains, Pho Khun Pha Muang and Pho Khun Bang Klang Hao, declared their independence and established a Thai-ruled kingdom. Pho Khun Bang Klang Hao later became the first king of Sukhothai, calling himself Pho Khun Si Indrathit (or Intradit). This event traditionally marks the founding of the modern Thai nation, although other less well-known Thai kingdoms, such as Lanna, Phayao and Chiang Saen, were established around the same time.

Sukhothai expanded by forming alliances with the other Thai kingdoms, adopting Theravada Buddhism as the state religion with the help of Ceylonese monks. Intradit was succeeded by his son Pho Khun Ban Muang, who was followed in 1278 by his brother, Pho Khun Ramkhamhaeng. Under King Ramkhamhaeng the Great, as he is now known, Sukhothai enjoyed a golden age of prosperity. Ramkhamhaeng is credited with designing the Thai alphabet (traditionally dated from 1283, on the evidence of the controversial Ramkhamhaeng stele, an inscribed stone allegedly bearing the earliest known Thai writing). At its peak, supposedly stretching from Martaban (now in Burma) to Luang Prabang (now in Laos) and down the Malay Peninsula as far south as Nakhon Si Thammarat, the kingdom's sphere of influence was larger than that of modern Thailand, although the degree of control exercised over outlying areas was variable.

After Ramkhamhaeng's death, he was succeeded by his son Loethai. The vassal kingdoms, first Uttaradit in the north, then soon after the Laotian kingdoms of Luang Prabang and Vientiane (Wiangchan), liberated themselves from their overlord. In 1319 the Mon state to the west broke away, and in 1321 Lanna placed Tak, one of the oldest towns under the control of Sukhothai, under its control. To the south the powerful city of Suphanburi also broke free early in the reign of Loethai. Thus the kingdom was quickly reduced to its former local importance only. Meanwhile, Ayutthaya rose in strength, and finally in 1378 King Thammaracha II had to submit to this new power.

Sukhothai became a tributary state of Ayutthaya between 1365 and 1378. In 1412 Ayutthaya installed a chief resident, and King Thammaracha IV was installed on the throne by Ayutthaya. Around 1430 Thammaracha moved his capital to Phitsanulok, and after his death in 1438 the kingdom was reduced in status to a mere province of Ayutthaya.


The Kings of Sukhothai

* Pho Khun Si Indrathit (1249- 1257)

* Pho Khun Ban Muang (1257 - 1277)

* Pho Khun Ramkhamhaeng (Ramkhamhaeng the Great) (ruled 1277 - 1298 or 1317) (called Rammaraj in the Ayutthaya chronicles)

* Pu Saisongkhram: After Ramkhamheang's death, ruled temporarily in absence of Loethai who was on trip to China. He was not styled Pho Khun.

* Pho Khun Loethai (1298 - 1347)

* Pho Khun Nguanamthom (1347)

* Pho Khun Lithai or Thammaracha I (1347 - 1368/1374)

* Thammaracha II or Phya Sai Leu Thai (1368/1374 - 1399)

* Thammaracha III or Phya Sai Luthai (1399 - 1419)

* Thammaracha IV (1419 - 1438)
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